Reliable low-cost energy
The energy system supplies dependable power at sustainably lower cost while meeting stronger environmental and operating standards.
Why it matters
Affordable reliable energy improves household welfare, industrial competitiveness and the viability of new investment.
Signs it has been reached
- Delivered energy costs fall without reliability losses
- Firm supply meets demand with adequate operating reserves
- Emissions intensity falls across delivered energy
Met when
The mean score of these 2 capability groups rises half a band (1.5 points).
- Energy Technologies
- Energy Infrastructure
Held by all three panel models.
Reverse stress test
Working backwards from this outcome to the scenarios and conditions most likely to produce it, nation by nation, over 10 years.
- Nations with a route
- 76
- of 197 · 3 reach the Frontier band
- Typical likelihood
- none
- median nation, over 10 years
- Leads most routes
- Clean power threshold
- 60 of 76 nations
- Typical headroom
- ×3.5
- times Standard Severe, nearest single scenario
What produces it
Each nation’s most likely route, counted three ways: the scenario that does most of the work, the form the route takes, and the capability where a change would move the result most.
Lead scenario
Nations
Form of the route
Nations
Two scenarios together
One scenario at Extreme
One scenario at Standard Severe
55
11
10
Binding capability
Nations
Energy Technologies
Resource Infrastructure
Justice System & Fundamental Rights
Semiconductors & Advanced Computing
Technical & Vocational Skills
48
11
8
2
2
Likelihood, by region
One dot per nation. The bar marks each region’s mean. Further right is more likely.
- North America
- Europe
- China
- Indo-Pacific
- South Asia
- Gulf and Middle East
- Africa
- Latin America and Caribbean
- Russia and Eurasia
Most likely: South Korea 23%, Netherlands 22%, Germany 22%, France 22%, Japan 21%.
Who is in a position to take it?
Each nation’s score on this basket today against the likelihood of the outcome.
- North America
- Europe
- China
- Indo-Pacific
- South Asia
- Gulf and Middle East
- Africa
- Latin America and Caribbean
- Russia and Eurasia
All 197 nations
The route shown is the most likely one, and the basket column shows the band the nation would move to. A full band is the same fall for every nation: for a strong nation it is serious but leaves it well above where a weak nation starts. Where no route was found, the closest approach is the furthest any condition moved the basket, against the 1.5 points needed.
All 197 nations
197 of 197 nations
Rank | Nation | Region | Basket | Likelihood | 3 years | Most likely route | Headroom | Moves first | Lever |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | South Korea | Indo-Pacific | 16.4 Advanced → Frontier | 23% Likely | 7.2% | Clean power threshold Severe | ×0.8 S15 | Energy Technologies · reaches Frontier | Resource Infrastructure 11.8 |
| 2 | Netherlands | Europe | 13.1 Established → Established | 22% Likely | 6.8% | Clean power threshold Severe | ×0.9 S15 | Energy Technologies | Energy Technologies 12.4 |
| 3 | Germany | Europe | 15.6 Advanced → Advanced | 22% Likely | 6.8% | Clean power threshold Severe | ×0.8 S15 | Energy Technologies | Resource Infrastructure 13.5 |
| 4 | France | Europe | 16.4 Advanced → Frontier | 22% Likely | 6.8% | Clean power threshold Severe | ×0.8 S15 | Energy Technologies · reaches Frontier | Resource Infrastructure 12.5 |
| 5 | Japan | Indo-Pacific | 17.2 Advanced → Frontier | 21% Likely | 6.6% | Clean power threshold Severe | ×0.8 S15 | Energy Technologies · reaches Frontier | Resource Infrastructure 11.8 |
| 6 | Sweden | Europe | 14.1 Established → Advanced | 19% Likely | 5.8% | Clean power threshold Severe | ×0.9 S15 | Energy Technologies | Resource Infrastructure 10.8 |
| 7 | Taiwan | Indo-Pacific | 11.9 Transitional → Established | 19% Likely | 5.6% | Clean power threshold Severe | ×0.9 S15 | Energy Technologies | Resource Infrastructure 10 |
| 8 | Finland | Europe | 13.0 Established → Established | 18% Likely | 5.3% | Clean power threshold Severe | ×0.9 S15 | Energy Technologies | Resource Infrastructure 10 |
| 9 | Italy | Europe | 12.3 Established → Established | 17% Likely | 5.2% | Clean power threshold Severe | ×1.0 S15 | Energy Technologies | Energy Technologies 11.6 |
| 10 | Spain | Europe | 13.8 Established → Advanced | 17% Likely | 5.0% | Clean power threshold Severe | ×0.9 S15 | Energy Technologies | Energy Technologies 12 |
| 11 | United Kingdom | Europe | 15.9 Advanced → Advanced | 14% Likely | 4.1% | Clean power threshold Major+Automated discovery step Severe | ×1.2 S15 | Energy Technologies | Semiconductors & Advanced Computing 14 |
| 12 | Singapore | Indo-Pacific | 9.2 Transitional → Transitional | 13% Likely | 4.0% | Market access opening Major+Clean power threshold Severe | ×1.0 S15 | Energy Infrastructure | Resource Infrastructure 8.8 |
| 13 | Switzerland | Europe | 12.5 Established → Established | 9.8% Likely | 3.0% | Market access opening Major+Clean power threshold Severe | ×1.0 S15 | Energy Infrastructure | Resource Infrastructure 6.5 |
| 14 | Türkiye | Gulf and Middle East | 11.3 Transitional → Established | 7.4% Likely | 2.2% | Market access opening Major+Middle East settlement Severe | ×1.2 S14 | Energy Infrastructure | Justice System & Fundamental Rights 9.3 |
| 15 | Belgium | Europe | 12.4 Established → Established | 6.9% Likely | 2.0% | Market access opening Major+Clean power threshold Severe | ×1.0 S15 | Energy Infrastructure | Resource Infrastructure 9.3 |
| 16 | Austria | Europe | 9.9 Transitional → Transitional | 5.5% Likely | 1.7% | Market access opening Major+Clean power threshold Severe | ×1.1 S15 | Energy Infrastructure | Energy Technologies 8 |
| 17 | Ireland | Europe | 7.3 Foundational → Foundational | 5.2% Likely | 1.5% | Market access opening Major+Clean power threshold Severe | ×1.3 S15 | Energy Infrastructure | Energy Technologies 4.8 |
| 18 | Denmark | Europe | 9.9 Transitional → Transitional | 5.2% Likely | 1.5% | Clean power threshold Extreme | ×1.4 S15 | Energy Technologies | Energy Technologies 9.4 |
| 19 | Poland | Europe | 10.4 Transitional → Established | 4.8% Possible | 1.5% | Clean power threshold Severe+Automated discovery step Major | ×1.1 S15 | Energy Technologies | Energy Technologies 9.4 |
| 21 | Czechia | Europe | 10.4 Transitional → Established | 4.4% Possible | 1.3% | Market access opening Major+Clean power threshold Severe | ×1.1 S15 | Energy Infrastructure | Energy Technologies 8 |
| 20 | India | South Asia | 13.8 Established → Advanced | 4.4% Possible | 1.3% | Market access opening Major+Clean power threshold Severe | ×1.2 S15 | Energy Infrastructure | Technical & Vocational Skills 9 |
| 22 | South Africa | Africa | 10.3 Transitional → Transitional | 4.3% Possible | 1.3% | Market access opening Major+Clean power threshold Severe | ×1.2 S15 | Energy Infrastructure | Energy Technologies 8.8 |
| 23 | Canada | North America | 14.5 Established → Advanced | 4.0% Possible | 1.1% | Automated discovery step Severe+Outbreak defence succeeds Severe | ×1.6 S17 | Energy Technologies | Semiconductors & Advanced Computing 10.2 |
| 24 | Slovenia | Europe | 8.7 Foundational → Transitional | 3.9% Possible | 1.2% | Market access opening Major+Clean power threshold Severe | ×1.3 S15 | Energy Infrastructure | Energy Technologies 5.8 |
| 25 | Hungary | Europe | 9.8 Transitional → Transitional | 3.7% Possible | 1.1% | Clean power threshold Extreme | ×1.3 S15 | Energy Technologies | Energy Technologies 8 |
Showing 1–25 of 197 nations · page 1 of 8
Neighbouring outcomes
- Broad fall in critical technologyFailure outcome
- Broad rise in critical technologyProsperity outcome
- Broad fall in strategic infrastructureFailure outcome
- Broad rise in strategic infrastructureProsperity outcome
- Collapse in energy securityFailure outcome
- Failure of digital lifelinesFailure outcome
- Food and water failureFailure outcome
- Secure food and water supplyProsperity outcome
A failure outcome is met when the basket falls a full band, which is three points. A prosperity outcome is met when the basket rises half a band, 1.5 points: in this model gains from a scenario are smaller and slower than losses, so the bar is set lower and the difference is stated.